Old County Jail Transformed Into Family Court Facility
n After a Decade of Lying Dormant,
Old Jail Pulsates With Life
By Daniel Casciato
For The Lawyers Journal
After a decade of lying dormant on
Ross Street at the eastern end of
downtown Pittsburgh, the cold, dark and gothic Old County Jail will
soon pulsate with new life. It is a rebirth for one of Pennsylvania's oldest
buildings.
Beginning Oct. 27, Juvenile Court and the Family Adult Court will begin a 2–3
week move from their current
locations into the New Family Court
Facility, formerly known as the Old County Jail. District Court Administrator
Ray Billotte admits that the name of the new facility will change after the
courts and Allegheny County come to an agreement on one.
Construction of both the prison and the courthouse began in 1884. According to
Fred Watts, project manager at IKM Inc., the architects that designed the new
interior, the jail and courthouse were designed by nationally known architect
Henry Hobson Richardson, who was judged by many as one of the greatest
architects of his time. He was so well regarded by his peers that many of them
began to emulate his work, which was dubbed "Richardsonian Romanesque."
On July 1, 1884, Richardson appeared before the Allegheny County Board of
Commissioners, to officially receive the commission
to build the $2,250,000 courthouse and jail.
Richardson considered the jail as his
best work, even though it was not completed at the time of
his death. Made of gray granite and somewhat rusticated,
the Courthouse suggests the strength and stability of
governmental institutions.
The jail was
also considered worldwide as one of his
masterpieces, which was ironic because the Allegheny County Commissioners
during that time chose Richardson's design for its simplicity and efficiency.
The courthouse and jail were Romanesque in architecture. To make the jail more
aesthetically pleasing, more attention was given to the details carrying the
massive round arches and the dormers of the corner pavilions. Each corner of
the building has a square pavilion with a higher roof and tall dormer windows.
Unlike many of his buildings, the jail's front facade is symmetrical and
Richardson used no polychromy. Like the front and side, the back of the
building uses different fenestration for each floor.
The Courthouse is arranged around a central courtyard. Stairs are located in
each of the corners. The variation in window treatment is characteristic of
Richardson's style.
One of the more interesting features of the jail and courthouse is the solemn
"Bridge of Sighs," the footbridge that allows prisoners and their escorts to
pass securely between the two buildings. The "Bridge of Sighs" idea was
borrowed from the Doge's Palace in Venice.
At the dedication, it was said, "Plain, chaste, unique in architecture with no
vain or superfluous ornaments, the eye never wearies tracing its lines of
beauty and harmony. Founded on living rock, solid and massive in structure,
fire–proof so far as granite, brick and iron can make a building fireproof, it
will stand for ages to come."
The jail originally contained three cellblocks, each rising five stories with
rows of cells on either side. One cellblock had ten tiers of 12 cells each
(located in the place now occupied by the Summary Block). Another cellblock had
ten tiers of 11 cells (located in the place now occupied by the West Block).
The only cell block that still remained from the original construction, the
present day North Block, consisted
of ten tiers of eight cells each, and
was originally used to house female prisoners.
The jail was finally completed in May of 1886 however, no prisoners were housed
until September of that same year. The buildings were officially dedicated on
September 24, 1888. Sad to say, Richardson did not live to
see his vision
realized. He died in 1886.
Richardson's jail replaced
the second jail building, which was located
on Grant's Hill. The old building was deemed inadequate for the county's needs.
It was eventually destroyed after a fire severely damaged it in 1882. A few
weeks after the fire of 1882, the County Commissioners began an exhaustive
search to replace the courthouse and prison. They solicited designs from over
100 architects and ultimately settled on Richardson's design in January 1884.
A little known fact, says Watts, is that a local architect expanded the jail in
1904 to its current size. According to historical accounts, in 1899 the jail
began running out of room to accommodate the services needed due to a booming
population.
Frederick J. Osterling was appointed as the architect to prepare plans for the
alterations of the jail, which were completed in 1908. His additions doubled
the size of the jail.
"What we see today was the result of Osterling's work. But he designed it in
such a way that was distinguishable from Richardson's," says Watts.
When it was complete, the expanded Allegheny County Prison was able to
accommodate 8,000 to 10,000 residents per year.
In the mid–70's, the inner structure of the old block was renovated. The new
block contained a gym located at the top, two modern living quarters, dining
area, and a kitchen and bakery located on the ground level. A storage area was
located in the basement. Since the last renovation, the building has remained
unchanged and very true to its original design and character.
In 1986, the County renovated the former Jones Law Building to house prisoners.
Located on Ross Street at Fourth Avenue, one block from the existing Jail, the
building has become known as the Jail Annex. The Jail Annex currently houses
133 female prisoners and 312 male prisoners. It is designed as six
self–enclosed housing units, each consisting of an eating area, showers,
laundry and an area for visitation.
Faced with serious overcrowding and space limitations, Allegheny County opened
a detention facility in May of 1995. The new jail, located on Second Avenue in
downtown Pittsburgh, is a high–rise structure that utilizes the direct
supervision concept.
This new jail replaced the old one, from which more than 27,000 prisoners were
released by federal court order. Inmates had sued because of overcrowding. In
1976, U. S. District Judge Maurice Cohill retained jurisdiction over the case,
with the Jail being administered under federal court order for the past 20
years. At Cohill's order, construction of the new jail began in February 1992.
The question was now what to do with the old jail. Rumors were swirling that
Criminal Court would move into the old jail. And soon enough, the jail was
designated a new high–security criminal court facility, which would include 21
courtrooms. That notion was ridiculous according to the Honorable Max Baer,
Administrative Judge of the county's Family Division of the Common Pleas Court.
"Juvenile Court and the Family Division needed that space more so than Criminal
Court. There was not even enough room for the judges' chambers at both
facilities," says Judge Baer. "Both of their current space is grossly
inadequate for their purposes. The population is growing, and a move was
necessary."
The judge felt it was imperative for them to move downtown so both courts would
be in close proximity to a majority of the attorneys and other judges. There
were private practice attorneys who found travelling back and forth from
Oakland to Downtown to be too time consuming
Judge Baer also stated that the move would be more convenient to the general
public. "The move downtown benefits them even more–because many use public
transportation and you can usually find just one bus that takes you straight
into town. In Oakland, we found that many people were taking two, sometimes
three buses to come in. It was inconvenient to many."
Judge Baer's wish was finally granted. As was reported in the Lawyers Journal
in April of last year, State Bill 382 passed in January 1998 which allowed the
county to move forward with the $46 million project without effecting its bond
rating. Under the agreement, Mascaro Construction Company will pay for the
construction work and lease the building back to the county for 29 years.
Mascaro will collaborate with National City Bank and Grubb & Ellis Real Estate
to finance and manage the facility and will issue general obligation bonds
through the Harrisburg Authority
to pay for the reconstruction. The county will pay for utilities and security
and will be reimbursed for some of the costs by federal funding linked to child
support
collections.
Pittsburgh–based IKM Incorporated was hired as the architects for the
renovation of the Old County Jail. Other prominent IKM projects include Chatham
Village, Buhl Planetarium and the Pittsburgh Board of Education Building.
Following in Richardson's footsteps was no easy task. Mihai Marcu, President
and CEO, of IKM issued this statement:
"The Allegheny County Jail was designed by Richardson, who was judged by many
as one of the greatest architects of his time. The world–historians,
architects, and everyday tourists–has come to know the building as one of
Richardson's masterpieces. It is an honor to have been involved from the
inception of this project, as a catalyst of its ongoing development, and a
proponent of its successful completion. I hope that you will consider
yourselves as fortunate as I to have had the opportunity to save one of our
regions greatest treasures. I cannot think of a more fitting location for the
important work carried out by the Family Courts."
Mascaro gutted the interior of the jail until it was just an empty shell and
basically built a structure within a structure. Grass, flowers and trees will
soon replace the cold concrete courtyards. The exterior of the jail was left
alone because of its national historic landmark status. Some of Richardson's
original pillars were left alone, however. Mascaro used the same quarry that
Richardson had used over a century ago to make sure the floor matched those
pillars.
Also remaining are six of the original jail cells, which will be used as
exhibits on the first floor.
The building will soon be ready to reopen after its initial closing in 1995.
And many cannot wait. On a recent tour of the new Family Court Facility,
Billotte stopped and reminisced, "I was at the groundbreaking ceremony, and as
I looked around the interior I thought to myself–no way. There is no way we can
renovate this cold and forbidding building. And now, look at it. It has been
totally transformed. It's remarkable." n